The tectonic structure and development of Rügen has been investigated for more than a century. An early significant study was published by Credner (1893), who has already illustrated the surface structure of Jasmund, which is composed of differently oriented sets of subparallel ridges (Fig. 2).

Figure 2Three major models to interpret the structural conditions and development of the Jasmund peninsula, created by Credner (1893), Groth (2003), and Ludwig (2011).

Groth (2003) proposed a complex segmentation of the tectonic complex into five structural units, which are assigned to four developmental phases (Fig. 2). Initially, the majority of the southern structural sub-complex was formed by a glacial push from the SE, which was followed by a push from the NE/E that created the northern structural sub-complex and the southern part of the southern sub-complex. The deformation continued with a complicated reorganisation of the southernmost zone (push from the NE) and a final superposition of the entire complex.

Figure 3Elevation profiles and related periodograms of the profile tracks N (northern sub-complex), S(SW) (southwestern part of the southern sub-complex), and S(NE) (northeastern part of the southern sub-complex). The significant wavelengths are shown in grey boxes above the related peak. The struck through value in the S(NE) periodogram represents an outlier, and the values in parentheses are tangent to the 95 % significance line but still significant. Calculated mean spacing values in grey boxes support the results within the periodograms. The significant wavelengths of the S(NE) periodogram are representative of both the northern and the ridge domain; thus they indicate a superimposition of the northern sub-complex by the southern one (modified following Gehrmann and Harding, 2018).

Figure 4Multi-stage evolutional model of the Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex. (a) Formation of the northern sub-complex by a local ice push from the NE. (b) Development of the southern sub-complex by a local ice push from the SE leading to a partial truncation and superimposition of the northern ridge domain. (c) Minimum reconstruction of the ice front only touching the easternmost part of the glacitectonic complex (light blue) and assumed wider glacier extent, which to some extent envelopes the complex (transparent light blue). The local ice push from E/ENE reshapes the quasi-straight ridges to wavy forms (modified following Gehrmann and Harding, 2018).

Ludwig (1954/55, 2011) instead separated the Jasmund peninsula into three parts – a northern and a southern sub-complex, which are adjacent to a high central zone (Fig. 2). The model suggests a polyphase contraction of the deposits at the confluence between two major ice streams, which were active during the Pomeranian W2 phase. Pressure formed between the two competing flows and resulted in a loop-shaped accretion of thrust sheets, eventually forming a compressional arc that is convex to the east. This is thought to have been followed by a westward shift of the southern and northern thrust sheets induced by the increasing ice push.

The analysis of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from lidar data (provided by the LAiV M-V, Landesamt für innere Verwaltung Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) provides a novel research tool for sedimentological and tectonic studies at the Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex (Gehrmann and Harding, 2018). This analysis provides the basis for a re-examination of Jasmund's evolution and the development of a new structural model. The detailed assessment of the ridge morphometry is based on Bradwell et al. (2013), and the terrain analysis using Fourier transformations has been developed from Cline et al. (2015).

A number of transects were constructed in the northern and southern ridge domain perpendicular to the ridge crests (see the examples in Fig. 1). Performing a Fourier analysis of the waves formed by the trough–peak–trough elevation changes along each ridge profile creates a frequency domain plot, called a periodogram, which plots the width of the wave (wavelength, trough-to-trough distance) on the x axis and the wavelength spectral power on the y axis (Fig. 3). Peaks of large spectral power values indicate that the peak's wavelength is potentially important. Wavelengths with a spectral power above the 95 % confidence line were considered to be statistically significant, resulting in a set of wavelengths that are dominant for a given profile.

The new evolutionary model created by Gehrmann and Harding (2018) suggests a multi-stage structural evolution for the Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex in the late Weichselian (Pomeranian phase, W2). The periodograms, as shown in Fig. 3, help to reveal the evolution of Jasmund's deformation stages. The dominant wavelength of the composite ridges in the northern sub-complex is about 260 m. The dominant wavelengths in the southern sub-complex are generally smaller, with 135 to 195 m. This could point to slight differences in formation time and mechanisms between the northern and southern ridge domain, with regard to exerted stresses and glacier velocities (Gehrmann and Harding, 2018). The ridges are periodically spaced, which is characteristic of even small fold-and-thrust belts like the Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex (see Benediktsson et al., 2010; Noble and Dixon, 2011) (Fig. 3).

The first evolutionary stage (Fig. 4a) is characterised by a local NE-to-SW push by a branch of the SIS forming the northern structural sub-complex and the related composite ridges. Composite ridges were formed during a single rapid ice advance, which created high pore-water pressure and resulted in extreme compressional deformation at the glacier margin (e.g. Benn and Evans, 2010).

The larger wavelengths of the northern ridge domain of around 260 m are still present in the eastern part of the southern ridge domain (Fig. 3c). One possible explanation is that this part of the southern ridge domain represents a zone of tectonic superimposition. Hence, the surface structures of the southern sub-complex were superposed over the northern structural sub-complex in a second evolutionary stage (Fig. 4b). A branch of the SIS might have pushed the local glacifluvial deposits from the SE towards the NW. Why the Pomeranian W2 ice stream moved from the SE to NW is still under debate (e.g. Ludwig, 2011; Gehrmann and Harding, 2018). Characteristic cross profiles of composite ridges with steep distal and flat proximal slopes can be observed in the northern sub-complex and in the southwestern district of the southern ridge domain. Ridges in the eastern district are rather symmetric, which is perhaps due to the northern ridge resisting the movement of the southern ridge set.

The ice stream induced a compressional deformation, presumably compensated for by lateral dislocation along slip faults or at least flexures (Fig. 4b). Ludwig (2011) described these structures as a result of a progressive glacier push and westward shift of the southernmost and northern zone of the Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex (see Fig. 2b). Gehrmann and Harding (2018) suggest that the shift along the central (assumedly dextral) fault is connected to the already existing northern sub-complex (see Fig. 4b). Nevertheless, it is possible that late Paleozoic faults (Wiek, Nord Jasmund, and Schaabe fault) played a role in the glacitectonic development of Jasmund, too (see e.g. Steinich, 1972; Seidel et al., 2018; Gehrmann and Harding, 2018).

The crenulated ridge shapes in the eastern district of the Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex may indicate a third evolutionary stage in the form of a local ice push from the E/ENE (Fig. 4c) (Gehrmann and Harding, 2018). Whether the glacier front only touched the eastern ridges of the glacitectonic complex or enveloped the entire complex has yet to be determined. However, the existence of the till complex on top of the glacitectonised sequence in the northern and southern sub-complex is an indicator that the ice eventually overrode the complex or at least its marginal zones.